How does reactivity affect police behavior? Describing and quantifying the impact of reactivity as behavioral change in a large-scale observational study of police
Journal of Criminal Justice, Volume 35, Issue 4, July-August 2007, Pages 453-465
http://digbig.com/4wepc
Richard Spano
"Critics have argued that police officers will react to the presence of the observer. This article examines the descriptive accounts of reactivity from the Project on Policing Neighborhoods. Findings show indicate that officers are 5.3 times more likely to be more versus less proactive. Officers are also more proactive during early stages of fieldwork and when accompanied by female observers."
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